Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths and wounded caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra vrldskriget, p. 9. Fighting began with Operation Weserbung, the German invasion of Denmark and Norway, in April, 1940. The population listed here of 194.090million is taken from Soviet era sources. The official U.S. report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the, Six U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese. The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions. "Christian Streit: Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 19411945, Bonn: Dietz (3. ", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 83,307 dead; 57,258 missing and 118,127 wounded. 13, No. An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000. In their hurry to re-arm, Britain and France had both begun to buy large numbers of weapons from manufacturers in the United States at the outbreak of hostilities, supplementing their own production. Archivalien und ausgewhlte Erlebnisberichte. An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that "a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 19371945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000". For almost two years, there was no land-fighting on the Western Front with the exception of commando raids and the guerrilla actions of the resistance aided by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and Office of Strategic Services (OSS). While the U.S. Ninth and First Armies held their ground from Magdeburg through Leipzig to western Czechoslovakia, Eisenhower ordered three Allied field armies (1st French, and the U.S. The United Nations reported in 1947 that "about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation." The offensive ended with Arnhem remaining in German hands and the Allies holding an extended salient from the Belgian border to the area between Nijmegen and Arnhem. 3- The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000. Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman, 2,800 executed, 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps, It was estimated that 200,000 soldiers died in World War II in the European theatre. Nazi Germany ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in World War II. A large number of partisans and members of the RSI forces were former members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy, to which is referred the 3,430,000 figure. Soviet Studies Vol44. British losses totalled to 11,010 killed or missing, 14,070 wounded (only those who were evacuated have been counted), and 41,340 taken prisoner. Seventh Army and French First Army) fought a difficult campaign through the Vosges Mountains that was marked by dogged German resistance and slow advances. [Tokyo] 1949, pp. The Allied operations were then succeeded by the German Ardennes offensive. 3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths While most of the German Army was fighting against Poland, a much smaller German force manned the Siegfried Line, their fortified defensive line along the French border. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw 2009; Poland. By the summer of 1944, when an expectation of an Allied invasion was freely admitted by German commanders, the disposition of troops facing it came under the command of OB West (HQ in Paris). ), Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead in 194145 at 345,000 (25,000 in military operations; 230,000 executed, 15,000 in Germany and 75,000 due to hunger and disease. The New York Times. [45], This article is about the West European theatre. The additions were the annexation of the, Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ. of Commerce) Washington 1953. p. 43 The U.S. Commerce Dept. With the Luftwaffe unable to defeat the RAF in the Battle of Britain, the invasion of Great Britain could no longer be thought of as an option. XIX Corps of the Ninth Army captured Magdeburg on 18 April and the US XIII Corps to the north occupied Stendal. On Utah Beach, U.S. troops suffered only 197 casualties, the lightest of any beach, when they accidentally landed in the wrong spot. 1978), Mikhalev, S. N (2000). The crossing of the Moselle River and the capture of the fortress of Metz proved difficult for the American troops in the face of German reinforcements, supply shortages, and unfavorable weather. Because of the massive logistical obstacles a cross-channel invasion would face, the Allied high command decided to conduct a practice attack against the French coast. Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war). Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005; Gregory Frumkin. At the end of the war, many Ustae and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators. Werner Gruhl estimates China's total war losses at 15,554,000, Civilians :12,392,000 including (8,191,000) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000. Routledge. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age.". Military war dead reported by Rdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included with Germany. [147] vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded. At the Maginot Line on the other side of the border, French troops stood facing them, whilst the British Expeditionary Force and other elements of the French Army created a defensive line along the Belgian border. Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish. [452] In some cases this figure was potentially even higher, up to 80% in the Philippines[453] and a staggering 97% in New Guinea.[454]. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing. Determined stands were made in April by German forces at Heilbronn, Nuremberg, and Munich but were overcome after several days.[when?] These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940. Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 19311945, Transaction 2007; Japan Statistical Year-Book, 1949 [etc.]. According to the official history of the Italian Army (Rovighi, Alberto (1988), Estimates for total Japanese war dead in 19371945 range from at least 2.5million. Long after the war, a myth persisted claiming the German military (or Wehrmacht) was not involved in the Holocaust and other crimes associated with Nazi genocidal policy. German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties. Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 19411945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 19411945 A Statistical Investigation). USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); Germany reports. On that same day Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, as head of OKW and Jodl's superior, was brought to Marshal Georgy Zhukov in Karlshorst and signed another instrument of surrender that was essentially identical to that signed in Rheims with two minor additions requested by the Soviets. ), The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 to 1960 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war. With a large number of men captured, the stubborn German resistance during the Allied campaign to reach the Rhine in February and March 1945 had been costly. Wars and Population. On 19 August 1942, the Allies began the Dieppe Raid, an attack on Dieppe, France. Military deaths included: 108 dead in the. [40], General Eisenhower's Armies were facing resistance that varied from almost non-existent to fanatical[41] as they advanced toward Berlin, which was located 200km (120mi) from their positions in early April 1945. Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties. Missing and presumed dead(including POWs) were 131,419 (111,579 pre-armistice, 19,840 post armistice)[446] 3-Included in these statistics are 322,807 POWs held by the US and UK. With an introd. The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead. Most of the troops were Canadian, with some British contingents and a small American and Free French presence along with British and Polish naval support. Retrieved 4 March 2016. [599] The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims. [89], Military(Norwegian & Allied Forces) 2,000 (800 Army, 900 Navy and 100 Air). To this must be added the 263,000655,000 who died, giving a rough total of 8 million German soldiers having served on the Western Front in 19441945. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed. (Victims of Two Dictatorships. G. The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties. The database includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army, navy or the air force. The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies, of whom 13,567 died. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground. The French forces launched a small offensive, the Saar Offensive against Germany in the Saar region but halted their advance and returned. Heike Liebau et al., World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. & Jap. Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000. 7,614,790 were held in POW camps by early June of 1945 (including 3,404,950 who were disarmed following the surrender of Germany), All totals listed only include direct deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity, including the, German deployments to the Western Front (plus Italy) reached levels as high as approximately 40% of their ground forces, and 75% of the. While the Western Front remained quiet in April 1940, the fighting between the Allies and the Germans began in earnest with the Norwegian Campaign when the Germans launched Operation Weserbung, the German invasion of Denmark and Norway. Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 318,274 (234,874 battle, 83,400 nonbattle). [600] The Eastern Front, which stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, was more than twice as long as the Western Front. German efforts to interdict the Allies' trans-Atlantic trade at sea ignited the Battle of the Atlantic. [259], Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. The British Royal Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany and the first Canadian troops stepped ashore in Britain, while Western Europe was in a strange calm for seven months. The local, According to an official U.S. report during the. The Western Front was a military theatre of World War II encompassing Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy [citation needed], and Germany. 2- The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31, 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded. It was not possible to predict where the Allies might choose to launch their invasion. Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead in 194145 at 220,000 (35,000 in military operations; 110,000 executed, 35,000 in Germany and 40,000 due to hunger and disease. The Phoney War was an early phase of World War II marked by a few military operations in Continental Europe in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Deaths due to air and V-rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard. U.S. [415][416][417][418][419][420][421][422], Military war dead Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 50-56 million, with an additional estimated 19-28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine. Starting in early September, the Americans began slow and bloody fighting through the Hurtgen Forest ("Passchendaele with tree bursts"Hemingway) to breach the Line. Figure does not include the Nazi euthanasia program, German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 19451948. Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available. e The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers against the Soviet Union (USSR), Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe ( Baltics ), and Southeast Europe ( Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. Total war dead of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624); ), (1945) The casualty figures compiled by the. [476], 5-Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties. This page was last edited on 21 December 2022, at 04:17. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 234,874. Eng. The number of partisans escalated during the final insurrection of April 1945. Casualties in 193940 include the following dead and missing: The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled. Total losses were 420,000 British, 200,000 French . Using this definition, the total number of. Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); Veritable and Grenade were planned to start on 8 February 1945, but Grenade was delayed by two weeks when the Germans flooded the Roer valley by destroying the gates of the Rur Dam upstream. (1956) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945. Vadim Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the, 752 civilians were killed during the U.S. air attacks on. Archivalien und ausgewhlte Erlebnisberichte. Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths. The German army (or Heer) was the most complicit as a result of being on the ground in Germany's eastern campaigns, but all branches participated. This was followed by a pincer movement of the First Canadian Army in Operation Veritable advancing from the Nijmegen area of the Netherlands, and the US Ninth Army crossing the Roer in Operation Grenade. The attack was the debut of the Australian Imperial Force on the Western Front and, according to McMullin, "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history". 39,929 Casualties For four brutal years, the Allies had been fighting the central powers, the Empires of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. Ostarbeiters and POW in Third Reich and Their Repatriation) (Russian). pp. Military deaths from all causes totaled 2125million, including deaths in captivity of about 5million prisoners of war. 1939 Press Photo American Soldiers Honoring French WWII Casualties in Nantes . Ein Wrterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte. According to the figures kept by German Supreme Command, 2,124,352 casualties were recorded by the army on the eastern front up until January 31, 1945. British casualties on the first day totalled 58,000, the worst single day loss of the war. (This paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994, Pistohlkors, Gert. In January 1945 the German bridgehead over the river Roer between Heinsberg and Roermond was cleared during Operation Blackcock. (German government Statistical Office), Statistisches Jahrbuch fr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.79 (available online at, German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 19451948. Soon after, the Allies were racing across France. The First and Ninth Armies stopped along the Elbe and Mulde rivers, making contact with Soviet forces near the Elbe in late April. The Germans managed to hold a large bridgehead (the Colmar Pocket), on the western bank of the Rhine and centered around the city of Colmar. During the push east, the cities of Frankfurt am Main, Kassel, Magdeburg, Halle and Leipzig were strongly defended by ad hoc German garrisons made up of regular troops, Flak units, Volkssturm and armed Nazi Party auxiliaries. Because the Allied lines had become severely stretched in response to the crisis in the Ardennes, holding and throwing back the Nordwind offensive was a costly affair that lasted almost four weeks. Approximately 150,000 Germans were able to escape from the Falaise pocket, but they left behind most of their irreplaceable equipment and 50,000 Germans were killed or taken prisoner. The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields. The liberation of Northern France and the Benelux countries was of special significance for the inhabitants of London and the southeast of England because it denied the Germans launch sites for their mobile V-1 and V-2 Vergeltungswaffen (reprisal weapons). 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