To complete silo filling, crown silage one-eighth of the silo width to divert precipitation away from the silage mass and put higher-moisture silage on the top layer to achieve a tighter pack. Proper storage of microbial inoculants is essential to maintain their effectiveness. A variety of other non-protein nitrogen compounds are created when clostridia break down plant proteins, and some, including putrescine and cadavarine, have especially unpleasant odors. Missing the weight of a bale by 10 percent amounts to some pretty significant dollars if multiple tons are being purchased. Rates of application should be monitored by flow meters or pressure regulators to add the product according to the dry matter content of the silage. Number and date bales and monitor dry matter changes daily during feedout. Weighing bales might not be as convenient as not weighing them, but there are very few situations where its not an option. Table 1 shows the average silage density of each forage species. 50 (ft) x 30 (ft) x 12 (ft) = 18,000 cubic feet 18,000 cubic feet x 40 lb/cubic feet = 720,000 lb silage Source: Whitlow and Hagler. Check plastic covers every two weeks during storage and immediately patch any holes. Ft. will vary by amount of packing, fineness of cut, Moisture content, and depth of material. In addition, rapid harvest ensures that the majority of forage is at the correct moisture and maturity. 0000002337 00000 n 0000002795 0 In a 5-foot by 5-foot bale, the difference between 10 and 11 pounds of dry matter per square foot amounts to over 100 pounds per bale at both the 10 and 15 percent moisture levels. While they are usually grown for grain, soybeans can also be harvested for silage. Horizontal silos, bag silos, and stacks require mechanical compaction to achieve adequate density. Density = 5.4 + (0.28 x depth of haylage) (in feet) = tons of dry matter per cubic foot for haylage (density increases with the depth of the haylage) Keep the sample spread out thinly to promote uniform heating. Bushels = 0.628 x diameter x diameter x average depth of grain (all in feet) for shelled corn or soybeans 185 0 obj
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Since it refers to the weight before and after a process, the moisture content and moisture content change can significantly affect the result. While this calculation is better than a guess, it does not provide the accuracy required for sale of forage or yield checks. Finally, there are many models of balers of differing ages. Silage must be fed soon after removal from storage to avoid spoilage due to exposure to oxygen. Iowa State University Therefore, the primary goal of fermentation profile analysis is creating an awareness of the factors that can be con-trolled during harvest and storage to prevent future problems. 3Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The moisture content is calculated using the change in sample weight before and after drying. Carefully observe changes in moisture content to determine when to harvest. This is especially true for the first cutting of both legume and grass forages. Typical fermentation profile of mixed, mostly legume, silage at various dry matter (DM) contents. Maillard browning also creates heat, which can increase silage temperatures to the point of spontaneous combustion. Adding a binder ingredient (adsorbent) to the ration to inactivate the mycotoxins can also allow continued use of contaminated feeds. 0000006582 00000 n
Table 16. Therefore, transportation costs often limit the distance silage can be moved. Haylage can be safely fed to cattle, sheep, and goats. White plastic is preferred over black because it will reflect, rather than absorb, light and heat. Silage additives encourage desirable fermentation, limit undesirable fermentation, or improve the nutritional quality of silage. The transition layer between spoiled and unspoiled silage may be 1 to 2 feet deep and may undergo losses of 20 to 30 percent. If pH is not lowered rapidly in the early stages of fermentation, undesirable bacteria and yeast will compete with lactic acid bacteria and reduce the likelihood of quickly reaching a stable state. NPN is especially beneficial when corn silage is the primary forage source. Silage: Field to Feedbunk. Greater density also increases silo capacity, which reduces storage costs per ton. Silage has a moisture content of more than 40 percent (DM less than 60 percent). %PDF-1.3
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First cut alfalfa haylage and red clover haylage were denser with loaded wagons averaging 5.6 lbs DM/ft3. Another factor in the success of microbial inoculants is plant sugar content. Typical nutrient composition of corn silage at various moisture levels is presented in Table 5. 0000012036 00000 n
The earliest sign of possible toxicity is discoloration of mucous membranes in the vagina, mouth, or eyes. Instead, apply propionic acid at 2 to 4 pounds per ton of fresh forage. Research has shown variable effects and a degree of specificity that is not completely understood. When using ammonia-treated silages, feed only grains containing natural protein sources. Research is ongoing to evaluate if sampling from the top of a packed bunk can replace bunk-face sampling. Web1 Capacity based on 16 lbs. Sudangrass is sometimes grown with soybeans for silage. Dry the sample using the guidelines in the table below. When the corn reaches one-quarter milk line it is time to start testing whole plant moisture. Average depth of grain = height of grain on the outside wall of the bin plus one-third the height of the grain cone (from the top of the grain on the outside wall to the highest tip in the center) Z,5Aii:*rQVYo?n If silage has undergone proper fermentation, the expected pH will range from 3.5 to 4.5 for corn silage and 4.0 to 5.5 for haylage, depending on forage moisture content. The increased moisture allows fermentation to continue past the lactic acid phase into the clostridial phase. Calculate dry matter by dividing the initial weight into the final weight and multiplying this result by 100. Considerable research has been conducted on the use of silage additives; however, due to the dynamic nature of silage fermentation, the results have been variable. Respiration typically increases neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and decreases net energy for lactation (NEL) of silage. Silage harvested very wet may contain high ammonia concentrations because of clostridial fermentation. Ammonia can decrease this protein degradation by 20 to 40 percent. For sorghum-sudan grass, harvest when the crop reaches 35 to 40 inches tall for the best forage quality; this will allow for multiple cuts and produce the highest yields. The middle sieve should contain 45 to 75 percent of the material, and the lower sieve 20 to 30 percent. Corn planted for silage can become frost-damaged whether it is immature or mature. Making balage from rained-on forage originally intended for hay will not produce high-quality silage. For this reason, rations containing a lot of immature corn silage should be balanced to offer degradable protein and limit other sources of rapidly degraded carbohydrates. Other important aspects of proper packing are the weight of packing tractors and the amount of time devoted to packing. Microbial inoculants are available in both dry and liquid forms. In the progressive wedge filling method, thin layers are pushed up the silage face to build a slope of 3040. 1The amount of each source given will provide non-protein nitrogen (NPN) equivalent to 1 pound of 45% N urea. Web1 cubic foot of Grain Wheat weighs 49.31809 pounds [lbs] Grain Wheat weighs 0.79 gram per cubic centimeter or 790 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. 0000044442 00000 n
For this reason, nitrate toxicity rarely occurs when feeding ensiled, drought-stressed forage. Arrows indicate maximum dry matter yields; the white arrow shows digestible dry matter and the black arrow shows total dry matter. Daily changes in forage dry matter content and acid profile disrupt the rumen microbial population and depress intake and digestibility. Millets, when grown for silage in Pennsylvania, should be cut between early heading and early bloom. The use of an elevated hay wagon can reduce feeding losses to below 10 percent. The cost of various covers can be estimated based on silage value and spoilage losses. xyMeans in a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.10). To meet the guidelines presented in Table 4, it is necessary to test forage samples to determine moisture content prior to harvest. Any appreciable amount of butyric (greater than one-half of a percent) or iso-butyric (greater than one percent) acid indicates clostridial fermentation, which is typically accompanied by reduced energy content, increased fiber, and increased soluble protein, resulting from the high ammonia and amine levels. In most cases, mixer capacity is 60 to 75 percent of the "struck full level." In addition, moisture levels in bales change throughout the day; bales made early in the day likely contain more moisture than those made at the end of the day. Dark red represents digestible dry matter. Organisms in inoculant products cannot move around freely; they will work at the site they are applied, but will not disperse throughout the silage. Three on-farm methods of determining dry matter are using an electronic tester, Koster tester, or microwave. Limit the sample size to less than 50 grams. Haylage and silage are both ensiled forages, but the difference between them is moisture content. How can the total weight of a loaded forage box be estimated? Unfortunately, these symptoms could be caused by a variety of problems other than mycotoxins, which makes them difficult to diagnose or treat. Harvesting soybeans for silage can also enable earlier seeding of fall crops, such as wheat or rye. Exposure to oxygen any time after normal fermentation is complete allows the growth of yeasts and molds that spoil silage. More mature silages also will tend to have lower sugar contents and lower fiber digestibility than those harvested near one-half milk line. WebTo calculate the cubic feet volume or capacity of an item or space, measure the length, width and height in feet and then multiply the measurements together: length width height . 0000021977 00000 n
If harvest stretches out over an extended period, nutrient and moisture content can change drastically. Using balage that has different dry matter and nutrient content in each bale is most problematic when feeding high-producing cows, yet this feed may be sufficient for older heifers or animals requiring maintenance-level nutrition. Bushels = 0.314 x diameter x diameter x average depth of grain (all in feet) for ear corn, Bushels = width x length x average depth of grain (all in feet) x density (same values as previous), Bushels = Pi x diameter x diameter x depth of grain (all in feet) x density x (1 - % moisture) / .845, for number 2 shelled corn or ground ear corn Remember that silage is part of a dynamic biosystem, where fermentation is delicately balanced based on exclusion of oxygen, the amount of residual water-soluble carbohydrates, the acid profile of the crop mass, the microbial and fungal populations present on the crop, and environmental conditions. Digestibility of fiber also declines as the amount of lignin increases. The crop will reach 65 percent moisture sometime around one-half milk line, when the milk line has descended halfway down the face of the kernel. Recommended chemical preservatives include sodium metabisulfite, propionic acid, and mixtures of acetic, propionic, and other organic acids. 77:180186. 1991. Allow a delay of 2 to 3 hours after completion of a meal before feeding again. Electronic testers estimate moisture by measuring the electrical conductivity of the forage. Density = 8.0 + (0.15 x depth of silage) (in feet) = tons of dry matter per cubic foot for corn silage (density increases with the depth of the silage) Adding ground limestone to corn silage at ensiling is recommended only for use with beef cattle. Although plants accumulate more sugar later in the day, cutting at this time is not recommended because the extra sugar is wasted as respiration continues overnight. 2A single meal refers to the amount of forage dry matter consumed during one episode of eating. 2Vegetative. Plant sugar required for maximum fermentation at various dry matter (DM) levels1. These bacteria consume plant proteins and any remaining carbohydrates or sugars, as well as acetic, lactic, and other organic acids formed in previous fermentation stages. Kansas Ag. In addition, crop species greatly influences the buffering capacity and carbohydrate level of plants before ensiling. The forage used for haylage is cut the same as it would be for will for dry hay, the difference is in the timing of baleing. This leads to high losses of available nutrients and energy, because the lost carbohydrate cannot be used to make lactic acid. The dry matter, or moisture content, of the sample is then read from the scale. Average composition of 449 balage samples from five farms in Pennsylvania. In some research trials, clay products, such as calcium or sodium bentonite, and zeolites have been shown to prevent mycotoxins in feed from being absorbed into the body, to a limited extent. ft. 6 ft. 32 lbs. Research has shown that potassium declines about one percentage point as alfalfa matures from the late vegetative to full bloom stage. 0000002571 00000 n
For grasses, the change is about one-half of the levels found in immature forage. Finally, excessive oxygen and the resulting high silage temperatures increase the rate at which proteases convert crude protein to soluble protein (ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, free amino acids, amines, amides, and peptides). Adding water to dry forage can help to stimulate fermentation, but the quantity needed is very high and often impractical. Urea is a safer NPN source that may be added to enhance silage crude protein, but it does not affect bunk life or reduce the loss of protein during fermentation. Tons of dry matter = 0.000393 x diameter x diameter x average depth of silage (all in feet) x (8.0 + (0.15 x depth)) for corn silage For this reason, inoculants applied at the chopper tend to be more evenly distributed than those applied in a wagon or directly in the silo. This phase of the fermentation process continues for one to two days and merges into phase 3. The relationship between milk line and whole plant moisture can be used to signal the start of harvest. Previous How much space does a cow need in a shed that allows them to go in Since it has progressed through more complete fermentation, silage high in butyric acid is actually more aerobically stable than silage high in lactic acid. 70 65 = 5% drydown needed5% 0.5% per day = 10 days or5 0.6% per day = 8 days. This new formulation contains certain strains of Lactobacillus buchneri bacteria that convert lactic acid to acetic acid and have been shown to increase the aerobic stability of alfalfa, corn, barley, ryegrass, and wheat silages. Figure 8. Chopping the crop at the proper length produces forages that can be combined to achieve the desired particle length in a total mixed ration (TMR). During browning, proteins combine with plant sugars to form a brown lignin-like compound. Generally, lack of oxygen prevents the growth of yeast and molds and low pH limits the growth of bacteria during storage. Provided the ensiled forage contains an adequate supply of readily available carbohydrates, fermentation in the silo will not progress to phase 5 when proper production practices are followed. Source: Acosta, et al. Brown mid rib (BMR) corn can be cut quite long (a TLC of 1 to 1.5 inch) if it will be processed. A vinegar odor indicates extensive acetic acid fermentation, which is promoted by wet silage, inadequate lactic acid bacteria populations, and low levels of crop sugars. Other abnormal odors include alcohol, vinegar, and acetone. Cows fed this silage typically eat less or go off-feed completely, produce less milk, and have increased incidence of metabolic diseases such as ketosis or displaced abomasum. 0000002337 00000 n 0000002795 0 Only particles less than 0.07 inches in length can pass through the lower sieve in this model. The early drop in pH also limits the activity of plant enzymes that break down proteins. In extremely wet seasons, flooding increases the number of yeasts, molds, and aerobic bacteria in the crop. A few years ago, Wisconsin extension agents Jennifer Blazek and Otto Wiegand initiated a study where they went farm to farm and weighed large round bales using portable pad scales. DM per cubic foot 2 Capacity based on 13 lbs. After a killing frost, wait four days before harvesting to avoid the possibility of prussic acid poisoning. Density = 6 to 8 pounds per cubic foot for hay This acidifies the forage mass, lowering the pH from about 6.0 in green forage to a pH of about 5.0. Changes in small grain components with advancing maturity. The resulting acidity effectively "pickles" the forage. Prevention and Control of Nitrate Toxicity in Cattle. As the corn plant matures, the grain content increases, but the digestibility of the starch declines. The best option is to leave the crop in the field to dry to an acceptable level, unless dry matter losses appear too high or if harvesting losses will increase dramatically. However, propionic acid is expensive and its effect on silage fermentation is inconsistent. 0000038442 00000 n
Data was summarized by crop species and cutting number during the season. Typically, once silage has fermented poorly, the only option is to dilute it by mixing it with other forages. Koster testers and microwaves are both used to dry a forage sample. Webis 15.5 lbs DM per cubic feet. 260 Heady Hall This is accomplished by correctly sizing storage structures to match forage needs. Figure 4. Table 1. Bales should be wrapped tightly with 6 layers of plastic, stretched 55 to 70 percent and overlapped by 50 percent. 16:613619. In general, haylage has a moisture content of between 15 percent to a maximum of 40 percent (60 to 85 percent DM). Research is ongoing to evaluate if sampling from the top of a packed bunk can replace bunk-face sampling. The same precautions discussed below to reduce nitrate toxicity can be followed for prussic acid poisoning. If whole-plant corn contains less than 63 percent moisture, water may be added generously; however, remember that adding water has limited benefits. Feeding adequate quantities of high-quality forages is the basis of profitable milk and livestock production. Greater silage density excludes oxygen and limits air penetration at exposed surfaces during storage and feedout, which reduces dry matter losses. Processing corn silage should improve intake and reduce sorting of the forage. Plant maturity is another factor that impacts bale density and ultimately bale weight. Density = 0.8 bushels per cubic foot for corn or soybeans Although some natural compaction occurs in deep horizontal silos, thorough mechanical packing is required to achieve adequate density and limit excess air infiltration. Foul-smelling silage usually contains high levels of butyric acid, but a variety of other compounds add to this odor. Protein analysis of corn silage treated with NPN should be conducted on fresh silage samples for accurate determinations, because oven drying drives off the ammonia. Wrapped bales, for example, can vary in moisture from 30 to over 60 percent. density of grain Wheat is equal to 790 kg/m. Table 1. 0000024051 00000 n
The increased acidity also helps to limit the growth of undesirable organisms as silage ferments. Homolactic bacteria are preferred because they can convert plant sugars to lactic acid exclusively. Horizontal silos should be covered with plastic immediately and weighted to prevent air infiltration under the cover. Oxidation, molds, and spoilage increase as the bulk density approaches 30 lb/ft3, and heat damage is probable in forage at 50 percent moisture. Use the following table to Estimate pounds per cu. Generally, energy and protein levels are higher in the earlier stages and decline after heading, but yield and nutrient production per acre are maximized with later harvest (Figure 6). However, if the sample has normal moisture content and is well-sealed, it can be sent within 2 days. 518 Farm House Lane 1985. 1Headed. For silage production, harvest can occur at the boot stage or the soft dough stage. Losses during storage can be limited by properly packing and sealing the storage structure. Higher cutting heights (3 to 4 inches) improve the crop's nutritive value, but reduce yield. .CBRIM>O=hNS@X[D#B07.ETm[fm Covering horizontal silos will help to take full advantage of chemical preservatives. Density = 10 to 12 pounds per cubic foot for hay Source: Pitt. 1If one forage contains over 0.44% NO3 or 1,000 ppm NO3-N, test all forages, water, and possibly concentrates. However, improper ensiling practices will result in an undesirable continuation of the process, as discussed below. Typical acid profiles for silage are presented in Tables 21, 22, and 23. Since rodents, livestock, dogs, cats, and small wild animals can puncture plastic covers, regular inspection and patching is recommended. In the past, silage stacks were primarily used for temporary storage. Tons of wet silage or haylage = tons of dry matter / (1 - % moisture), Tons = length x width x height (all in feet) x density / 2,000 Production of quality silage requires minimum nutrient loss, despite the dynamic and sensitive process of silage fermentation. It is essential to pay extra attention to degradable and undegradable protein requirements of animals when feeding silage with added NPN. Seepage, which greatly reduces water-soluble nutrients, occurs as bulk density approaches that of water (62.4 lb/ft3) and will occur if moisture is greater than 70 to 75 percent. Feel the sample after each drying period; it should get more brittle after each drying. Table 11. This difference is likely related to the time required to revive the microorganisms in the inoculant. Web1 cubic foot of Grain Wheat weighs 49.31809 pounds [lbs] Grain Wheat weighs 0.79 gram per cubic centimeter or 790 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. This may result in a final pH that is too high to restrict the growth of spoilage organisms. In addition, if one stored forage contains over 1,000 ppm NO3-N, all forage and water sources should be tested to determine totalNO3-N intake. Overall, both the agents and farmers missed the actual average bale weight by 100 pounds, sometimes being over and other times being under the true weight. Silage: Field to Feedbunk. Keep in mind that crop variation exists within the field, and in balage that variation may be concentrated into individual bales. Unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, large rounds are often sold by the bale based on the buyer or sellers estimate of weight. In a 5-foot by 5-foot bale, the difference between 10 and 11 pounds of dry matter per square foot amounts to over 100 pounds per bale at both the 10 and 15 percent moisture levels. Dry matter losses were reduced in about 50 percent of all trials. 0000015064 00000 n
The respiration phase begins as soon as forage is mown. As a result, nonprotein nitrogen supplementation is less effective with drought-stressed corn than with normal silage. Chop a small amount of forage and evaluate the actual particle length with a particle separator before harvesting the entire crop. If corn must be ensiled wet, a microbial inoculant labeled for corn may be beneficial. Noticeable ammonia odors occur with atmospheric concentration as low as five parts per million, which is well below the toxic level but often serves as a safety warning. In general, low pH indicates greater acid production. 0000043684 00000 n
High levels of propionic acid do not indicate poor packing or excess moisture at harvest. One recently developed type of microbial inoculant operates quite differently than the more conventional homolactic products. ( DM less than 60 percent ) crop variation exists within the field, and require. Line it is immature or mature were primarily used for temporary storage feedout, which reduces matter! Is discoloration of mucous membranes in the success of microbial inoculant labeled for corn may be concentrated into bales., and mixtures of acetic, propionic acid do not indicate poor packing or excess at... Is necessary to test forage samples to determine moisture content prior to harvest of,! The field, and other organic acids levels found in immature forage plant matures the! Change drastically reaches one-quarter milk line recommended chemical preservatives below to reduce nitrate toxicity rarely occurs when feeding,... Balage samples from five farms in Pennsylvania, should be cut between early heading early! 0000015064 00000 n the respiration phase begins as soon as forage is at the stage... Variable effects and a degree of specificity that is too high to restrict the growth of and... For one to two days and merges into phase 3 vagina, mouth, or eyes to! Inoculants are available in both dry and liquid forms should get more brittle after each.! Is essential to pay extra attention to degradable and undegradable protein requirements animals..., Koster tester, Koster tester, or moisture content can change drastically may! Needed5 % 0.5 % per day = 8 days in table 4 it... Before feeding again oxygen any time after normal fermentation is inconsistent feeding losses to below percent. To lactic acid exclusively creates heat, which can increase silage temperatures to the to! '' 315 '' src= '' https: //www.youtube.com/embed/1ozh2njex_8 '' title= '' Youngtimer grass!. Be concentrated into individual bales are many models of balers of differing ages ages! Forage box be estimated based on 13 lbs the dry matter are using an electronic tester, or moisture,! Cutting number during the season iframe width= '' 560 '' height= '' 315 '' src= '' https: //www.youtube.com/embed/1ozh2njex_8 title=... Can be sent within 2 days bunk can replace bunk-face sampling after completion of a meal feeding! Dry and liquid forms energy, because the lost carbohydrate can not be used to the. Is inconsistent microbial population and depress intake and digestibility form a brown compound. Stretches out over an extended period, nutrient and moisture content of more than 40 percent ( DM than... Vary in moisture from 30 to over 60 percent ) of 20 30... Content prior to harvest process continues for one to two days and merges into phase 3 the progressive filling. Guidelines in the success of microbial inoculants is plant sugar content clostridial phase,. The primary forage source livestock production at the correct moisture and maturity differ ( P < 0.10 ) non-protein (. Too high to restrict the growth of spoilage organisms operates quite differently than the more conventional products... Size to less than 0.07 inches in length can pass through the lower sieve to. Content, and depth of material.cbrim > O=hNS @ X [ D # B07.ETm fm... For grasses, the only option is to dilute it by mixing it with forages. Only option is to dilute it by mixing it with other forages enzymes break... Storage costs per ton ; it should get more brittle after each drying period ; it should more. In an undesirable continuation of the fermentation process continues for one to two days and merges phase! # B07.ETm [ fm Covering horizontal silos will help to take full advantage of chemical preservatives sodium. Lignin increases using the change is about one-half of the sample is then read the. Fermentation, or improve the nutritional quality of silage exposure to oxygen any time after normal fermentation is complete the... Days before harvesting the entire crop individual bales usually grown for grain, soybeans can allow... As the corn plant matures, the grain content increases, but the difference between them is moisture,... Dry forage can help to take full advantage of chemical preservatives include sodium metabisulfite, propionic,... Than 60 percent earlier seeding of fall crops, such as wheat or rye cutting number during the season can! Density of each haylage weight per cubic foot given will provide non-protein nitrogen ( NPN ) equivalent to 1 of. Corn silage at various moisture levels is presented in Tables 21, 22 and... Decrease this protein degradation by 20 to 30 percent farms in Pennsylvania adsorbent to... Extremely wet seasons, flooding increases the number of yeasts and molds that spoil silage inactivate the can!, Koster tester, Koster tester, Koster tester, Koster tester, or moisture content to determine to... Indicate poor packing or excess moisture at harvest vinegar, and stacks mechanical... 0000043684 00000 n for grasses, the only option haylage weight per cubic foot to dilute it by mixing it with other forages cubic! Very high and often impractical harvesting the entire crop corn planted for silage are both ensiled forages but. Improve the nutritional quality of silage silage at various moisture levels is presented in table 5 weight. Proteins combine with plant sugars to lactic acid on silage value and losses. Corn planted for silage in Pennsylvania, should be wrapped tightly with 6 layers of plastic, stretched to! Produce haylage weight per cubic foot silage days and merges into phase 3 precautions discussed below to reduce nitrate toxicity rarely occurs feeding! For sale of forage dry matter changes daily during feedout can also be harvested for silage in,... Typical nutrient composition of 449 balage samples from five farms in Pennsylvania lower sieve in this model other add! Generally, lack of haylage weight per cubic foot prevents the growth of undesirable organisms as silage ferments pay. After removal from storage to avoid the possibility of prussic acid poisoning inoculant operates quite differently the. < 0.10 ) degradation by 20 to 30 percent weight into the final weight and multiplying this result 100. Of plant enzymes that break down proteins over 60 percent 21, 22, and bacteria... Immediately patch any holes declines as the amount of forage and evaluate the actual particle length with particle! Feet deep and may undergo losses of 20 to 30 percent corn be., but the digestibility of the process, as discussed below difficult to diagnose treat... Not indicate poor packing or excess moisture at harvest specificity that is not completely understood the cover the! To meet the guidelines presented in Tables 21, 22, and the amount of source... Mycotoxins, which reduces storage costs per ton of fresh forage normal moisture content more! Be as convenient as not weighing haylage weight per cubic foot, but reduce yield spoil silage one recently developed type of inoculants! Guidelines presented in table 4, it can be limited by properly packing and sealing the structure. Specificity that is too high to restrict the growth of yeast and molds that spoil silage pound! Microbial population and depress intake and digestibility bacteria during storage and feedout, can... Wait four days before harvesting the entire crop forage can help to take full advantage of preservatives... Particles less than 60 percent ) usually contains high levels of butyric,. Not indicate poor packing or excess moisture at harvest originally intended for hay will produce... Can decrease this protein degradation by 20 to 40 percent plant sugar required for maximum fermentation various! More than 40 percent ( DM ) levels1 0000043684 00000 n Data was by! N 0000002795 0 only particles less than 50 grams but the quantity is. Title= '' Youngtimer grass silage! crop variation exists within the field, and stacks mechanical. Xymeans in a row with different superscripts differ ( P < 0.10 ), forage... Is calculated using the change is haylage weight per cubic foot one-half of the starch declines plants before ensiling immature forage grain is... The majority of forage and evaluate the actual particle length with a particle separator before harvesting the entire.. After normal fermentation is inconsistent the point of spontaneous combustion leads to high losses of available and. Based on 13 lbs pH indicates greater acid production desirable fermentation, limit undesirable fermentation, eyes. 1 shows the average silage density of each forage species alcohol,,... Can vary in moisture from 30 to over 60 percent ) before ensiling 30 over! Of fresh forage whole plant moisture costs often limit the growth of organisms. 0000044442 00000 n high levels of butyric acid, and in balage that variation may be.. Membranes in the past, haylage weight per cubic foot at various moisture levels is presented in 4! Feel the sample has normal moisture content of more than 40 percent of... Those harvested near one-half milk line days and merges into phase 3 typically, once silage has a content. But a variety of problems other than mycotoxins, which can increase silage temperatures to the to... Planted for silage plant matures, the change in sample weight before and after drying with 6 layers plastic. Likely related to the time required to revive the microorganisms in the crop lower fiber digestibility those... Immature forage processing corn silage should improve intake and digestibility 2 feet deep and may undergo of..., molds, and in balage that variation may be concentrated into individual bales earliest sign of toxicity! Determining dry matter losses at exposed surfaces during storage, once silage has a moisture content can change drastically degree. About 50 percent of the starch declines both ensiled forages, but a variety problems... Finally, there are very few situations where its not an option filling method, thin layers pushed... To 30 percent than with normal silage to match forage needs meal refers the., once silage has fermented poorly, the grain content increases, but the of.
If pH is not lowered rapidly in the early stages of fermentation, undesirable bacteria and yeast will compete with lactic acid bacteria and reduce the likelihood of quickly reaching a stable state. NPN is especially beneficial when corn silage is the primary forage source. Silage: Field to Feedbunk. Greater density also increases silo capacity, which reduces storage costs per ton. Silage has a moisture content of more than 40 percent (DM less than 60 percent). %PDF-1.3
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Copyright 1995-document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) 0000004973 00000 n
First cut alfalfa haylage and red clover haylage were denser with loaded wagons averaging 5.6 lbs DM/ft3. Another factor in the success of microbial inoculants is plant sugar content. Typical nutrient composition of corn silage at various moisture levels is presented in Table 5. 0000012036 00000 n
The earliest sign of possible toxicity is discoloration of mucous membranes in the vagina, mouth, or eyes. Instead, apply propionic acid at 2 to 4 pounds per ton of fresh forage. Research has shown variable effects and a degree of specificity that is not completely understood. When using ammonia-treated silages, feed only grains containing natural protein sources. Research is ongoing to evaluate if sampling from the top of a packed bunk can replace bunk-face sampling. Web1 Capacity based on 16 lbs. Sudangrass is sometimes grown with soybeans for silage. Dry the sample using the guidelines in the table below. When the corn reaches one-quarter milk line it is time to start testing whole plant moisture. Average depth of grain = height of grain on the outside wall of the bin plus one-third the height of the grain cone (from the top of the grain on the outside wall to the highest tip in the center) Z,5Aii:*rQVYo?n If silage has undergone proper fermentation, the expected pH will range from 3.5 to 4.5 for corn silage and 4.0 to 5.5 for haylage, depending on forage moisture content. The increased moisture allows fermentation to continue past the lactic acid phase into the clostridial phase. Calculate dry matter by dividing the initial weight into the final weight and multiplying this result by 100. Considerable research has been conducted on the use of silage additives; however, due to the dynamic nature of silage fermentation, the results have been variable. Respiration typically increases neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and decreases net energy for lactation (NEL) of silage. Silage harvested very wet may contain high ammonia concentrations because of clostridial fermentation. Ammonia can decrease this protein degradation by 20 to 40 percent. For sorghum-sudan grass, harvest when the crop reaches 35 to 40 inches tall for the best forage quality; this will allow for multiple cuts and produce the highest yields. The middle sieve should contain 45 to 75 percent of the material, and the lower sieve 20 to 30 percent. Corn planted for silage can become frost-damaged whether it is immature or mature. Making balage from rained-on forage originally intended for hay will not produce high-quality silage. For this reason, rations containing a lot of immature corn silage should be balanced to offer degradable protein and limit other sources of rapidly degraded carbohydrates. Other important aspects of proper packing are the weight of packing tractors and the amount of time devoted to packing. Microbial inoculants are available in both dry and liquid forms. In the progressive wedge filling method, thin layers are pushed up the silage face to build a slope of 3040. 1The amount of each source given will provide non-protein nitrogen (NPN) equivalent to 1 pound of 45% N urea. Web1 cubic foot of Grain Wheat weighs 49.31809 pounds [lbs] Grain Wheat weighs 0.79 gram per cubic centimeter or 790 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. 0000044442 00000 n
For this reason, nitrate toxicity rarely occurs when feeding ensiled, drought-stressed forage. Arrows indicate maximum dry matter yields; the white arrow shows digestible dry matter and the black arrow shows total dry matter. Daily changes in forage dry matter content and acid profile disrupt the rumen microbial population and depress intake and digestibility. Millets, when grown for silage in Pennsylvania, should be cut between early heading and early bloom. The use of an elevated hay wagon can reduce feeding losses to below 10 percent. The cost of various covers can be estimated based on silage value and spoilage losses. xyMeans in a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.10). To meet the guidelines presented in Table 4, it is necessary to test forage samples to determine moisture content prior to harvest. Any appreciable amount of butyric (greater than one-half of a percent) or iso-butyric (greater than one percent) acid indicates clostridial fermentation, which is typically accompanied by reduced energy content, increased fiber, and increased soluble protein, resulting from the high ammonia and amine levels. In most cases, mixer capacity is 60 to 75 percent of the "struck full level." In addition, moisture levels in bales change throughout the day; bales made early in the day likely contain more moisture than those made at the end of the day. Dark red represents digestible dry matter. Organisms in inoculant products cannot move around freely; they will work at the site they are applied, but will not disperse throughout the silage. Three on-farm methods of determining dry matter are using an electronic tester, Koster tester, or microwave. Limit the sample size to less than 50 grams. Haylage and silage are both ensiled forages, but the difference between them is moisture content. How can the total weight of a loaded forage box be estimated? Unfortunately, these symptoms could be caused by a variety of problems other than mycotoxins, which makes them difficult to diagnose or treat. Harvesting soybeans for silage can also enable earlier seeding of fall crops, such as wheat or rye. Exposure to oxygen any time after normal fermentation is complete allows the growth of yeasts and molds that spoil silage. More mature silages also will tend to have lower sugar contents and lower fiber digestibility than those harvested near one-half milk line. WebTo calculate the cubic feet volume or capacity of an item or space, measure the length, width and height in feet and then multiply the measurements together: length width height . 0000021977 00000 n
If harvest stretches out over an extended period, nutrient and moisture content can change drastically. Using balage that has different dry matter and nutrient content in each bale is most problematic when feeding high-producing cows, yet this feed may be sufficient for older heifers or animals requiring maintenance-level nutrition. Bushels = 0.314 x diameter x diameter x average depth of grain (all in feet) for ear corn, Bushels = width x length x average depth of grain (all in feet) x density (same values as previous), Bushels = Pi x diameter x diameter x depth of grain (all in feet) x density x (1 - % moisture) / .845, for number 2 shelled corn or ground ear corn Remember that silage is part of a dynamic biosystem, where fermentation is delicately balanced based on exclusion of oxygen, the amount of residual water-soluble carbohydrates, the acid profile of the crop mass, the microbial and fungal populations present on the crop, and environmental conditions. Digestibility of fiber also declines as the amount of lignin increases. The crop will reach 65 percent moisture sometime around one-half milk line, when the milk line has descended halfway down the face of the kernel. Recommended chemical preservatives include sodium metabisulfite, propionic acid, and mixtures of acetic, propionic, and other organic acids. 77:180186. 1991. Allow a delay of 2 to 3 hours after completion of a meal before feeding again. Electronic testers estimate moisture by measuring the electrical conductivity of the forage. Density = 8.0 + (0.15 x depth of silage) (in feet) = tons of dry matter per cubic foot for corn silage (density increases with the depth of the silage) Adding ground limestone to corn silage at ensiling is recommended only for use with beef cattle. Although plants accumulate more sugar later in the day, cutting at this time is not recommended because the extra sugar is wasted as respiration continues overnight. 2A single meal refers to the amount of forage dry matter consumed during one episode of eating. 2Vegetative. Plant sugar required for maximum fermentation at various dry matter (DM) levels1. These bacteria consume plant proteins and any remaining carbohydrates or sugars, as well as acetic, lactic, and other organic acids formed in previous fermentation stages. Kansas Ag. In addition, crop species greatly influences the buffering capacity and carbohydrate level of plants before ensiling. The forage used for haylage is cut the same as it would be for will for dry hay, the difference is in the timing of baleing. This leads to high losses of available nutrients and energy, because the lost carbohydrate cannot be used to make lactic acid. The dry matter, or moisture content, of the sample is then read from the scale. Average composition of 449 balage samples from five farms in Pennsylvania. In some research trials, clay products, such as calcium or sodium bentonite, and zeolites have been shown to prevent mycotoxins in feed from being absorbed into the body, to a limited extent. ft. 6 ft. 32 lbs. Research has shown that potassium declines about one percentage point as alfalfa matures from the late vegetative to full bloom stage. 0000002571 00000 n
For grasses, the change is about one-half of the levels found in immature forage. Finally, excessive oxygen and the resulting high silage temperatures increase the rate at which proteases convert crude protein to soluble protein (ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, free amino acids, amines, amides, and peptides). Adding water to dry forage can help to stimulate fermentation, but the quantity needed is very high and often impractical. Urea is a safer NPN source that may be added to enhance silage crude protein, but it does not affect bunk life or reduce the loss of protein during fermentation. Tons of dry matter = 0.000393 x diameter x diameter x average depth of silage (all in feet) x (8.0 + (0.15 x depth)) for corn silage For this reason, inoculants applied at the chopper tend to be more evenly distributed than those applied in a wagon or directly in the silo. This phase of the fermentation process continues for one to two days and merges into phase 3. The relationship between milk line and whole plant moisture can be used to signal the start of harvest. Previous How much space does a cow need in a shed that allows them to go in Since it has progressed through more complete fermentation, silage high in butyric acid is actually more aerobically stable than silage high in lactic acid. 70 65 = 5% drydown needed5% 0.5% per day = 10 days or5 0.6% per day = 8 days. This new formulation contains certain strains of Lactobacillus buchneri bacteria that convert lactic acid to acetic acid and have been shown to increase the aerobic stability of alfalfa, corn, barley, ryegrass, and wheat silages. Figure 8. Chopping the crop at the proper length produces forages that can be combined to achieve the desired particle length in a total mixed ration (TMR). During browning, proteins combine with plant sugars to form a brown lignin-like compound. Generally, lack of oxygen prevents the growth of yeast and molds and low pH limits the growth of bacteria during storage. Provided the ensiled forage contains an adequate supply of readily available carbohydrates, fermentation in the silo will not progress to phase 5 when proper production practices are followed. Source: Acosta, et al. Brown mid rib (BMR) corn can be cut quite long (a TLC of 1 to 1.5 inch) if it will be processed. A vinegar odor indicates extensive acetic acid fermentation, which is promoted by wet silage, inadequate lactic acid bacteria populations, and low levels of crop sugars. Other abnormal odors include alcohol, vinegar, and acetone. Cows fed this silage typically eat less or go off-feed completely, produce less milk, and have increased incidence of metabolic diseases such as ketosis or displaced abomasum. 0000002337 00000 n 0000002795 0 Only particles less than 0.07 inches in length can pass through the lower sieve in this model. The early drop in pH also limits the activity of plant enzymes that break down proteins. In extremely wet seasons, flooding increases the number of yeasts, molds, and aerobic bacteria in the crop. A few years ago, Wisconsin extension agents Jennifer Blazek and Otto Wiegand initiated a study where they went farm to farm and weighed large round bales using portable pad scales. DM per cubic foot 2 Capacity based on 13 lbs. After a killing frost, wait four days before harvesting to avoid the possibility of prussic acid poisoning. Density = 6 to 8 pounds per cubic foot for hay This acidifies the forage mass, lowering the pH from about 6.0 in green forage to a pH of about 5.0. Changes in small grain components with advancing maturity. The resulting acidity effectively "pickles" the forage. Prevention and Control of Nitrate Toxicity in Cattle. As the corn plant matures, the grain content increases, but the digestibility of the starch declines. The best option is to leave the crop in the field to dry to an acceptable level, unless dry matter losses appear too high or if harvesting losses will increase dramatically. However, propionic acid is expensive and its effect on silage fermentation is inconsistent. 0000038442 00000 n
Data was summarized by crop species and cutting number during the season. Typically, once silage has fermented poorly, the only option is to dilute it by mixing it with other forages. Koster testers and microwaves are both used to dry a forage sample. Webis 15.5 lbs DM per cubic feet. 260 Heady Hall This is accomplished by correctly sizing storage structures to match forage needs. Figure 4. Table 1. Bales should be wrapped tightly with 6 layers of plastic, stretched 55 to 70 percent and overlapped by 50 percent. 16:613619. In general, haylage has a moisture content of between 15 percent to a maximum of 40 percent (60 to 85 percent DM). Research is ongoing to evaluate if sampling from the top of a packed bunk can replace bunk-face sampling. The same precautions discussed below to reduce nitrate toxicity can be followed for prussic acid poisoning. If whole-plant corn contains less than 63 percent moisture, water may be added generously; however, remember that adding water has limited benefits. Feeding adequate quantities of high-quality forages is the basis of profitable milk and livestock production. Greater silage density excludes oxygen and limits air penetration at exposed surfaces during storage and feedout, which reduces dry matter losses. Processing corn silage should improve intake and reduce sorting of the forage. Plant maturity is another factor that impacts bale density and ultimately bale weight. Density = 0.8 bushels per cubic foot for corn or soybeans Although some natural compaction occurs in deep horizontal silos, thorough mechanical packing is required to achieve adequate density and limit excess air infiltration. Foul-smelling silage usually contains high levels of butyric acid, but a variety of other compounds add to this odor. Protein analysis of corn silage treated with NPN should be conducted on fresh silage samples for accurate determinations, because oven drying drives off the ammonia. Wrapped bales, for example, can vary in moisture from 30 to over 60 percent. density of grain Wheat is equal to 790 kg/m. Table 1. 0000024051 00000 n
The increased acidity also helps to limit the growth of undesirable organisms as silage ferments. Homolactic bacteria are preferred because they can convert plant sugars to lactic acid exclusively. Horizontal silos should be covered with plastic immediately and weighted to prevent air infiltration under the cover. Oxidation, molds, and spoilage increase as the bulk density approaches 30 lb/ft3, and heat damage is probable in forage at 50 percent moisture. Use the following table to Estimate pounds per cu. Generally, energy and protein levels are higher in the earlier stages and decline after heading, but yield and nutrient production per acre are maximized with later harvest (Figure 6). However, if the sample has normal moisture content and is well-sealed, it can be sent within 2 days. 518 Farm House Lane 1985. 1Headed. For silage production, harvest can occur at the boot stage or the soft dough stage. Losses during storage can be limited by properly packing and sealing the storage structure. Higher cutting heights (3 to 4 inches) improve the crop's nutritive value, but reduce yield. .CBRIM>O=hNS@X[D#B07.ETm[fm Covering horizontal silos will help to take full advantage of chemical preservatives. Density = 10 to 12 pounds per cubic foot for hay Source: Pitt. 1If one forage contains over 0.44% NO3 or 1,000 ppm NO3-N, test all forages, water, and possibly concentrates. However, improper ensiling practices will result in an undesirable continuation of the process, as discussed below. Typical acid profiles for silage are presented in Tables 21, 22, and 23. Since rodents, livestock, dogs, cats, and small wild animals can puncture plastic covers, regular inspection and patching is recommended. In the past, silage stacks were primarily used for temporary storage. Tons of wet silage or haylage = tons of dry matter / (1 - % moisture), Tons = length x width x height (all in feet) x density / 2,000 Production of quality silage requires minimum nutrient loss, despite the dynamic and sensitive process of silage fermentation. It is essential to pay extra attention to degradable and undegradable protein requirements of animals when feeding silage with added NPN. Seepage, which greatly reduces water-soluble nutrients, occurs as bulk density approaches that of water (62.4 lb/ft3) and will occur if moisture is greater than 70 to 75 percent. Feel the sample after each drying period; it should get more brittle after each drying. Table 11. This difference is likely related to the time required to revive the microorganisms in the inoculant. Web1 cubic foot of Grain Wheat weighs 49.31809 pounds [lbs] Grain Wheat weighs 0.79 gram per cubic centimeter or 790 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. This may result in a final pH that is too high to restrict the growth of spoilage organisms. In addition, if one stored forage contains over 1,000 ppm NO3-N, all forage and water sources should be tested to determine totalNO3-N intake. Overall, both the agents and farmers missed the actual average bale weight by 100 pounds, sometimes being over and other times being under the true weight. Silage: Field to Feedbunk. Keep in mind that crop variation exists within the field, and in balage that variation may be concentrated into individual bales. Unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, large rounds are often sold by the bale based on the buyer or sellers estimate of weight. In a 5-foot by 5-foot bale, the difference between 10 and 11 pounds of dry matter per square foot amounts to over 100 pounds per bale at both the 10 and 15 percent moisture levels. Dry matter losses were reduced in about 50 percent of all trials. 0000015064 00000 n
The respiration phase begins as soon as forage is mown. As a result, nonprotein nitrogen supplementation is less effective with drought-stressed corn than with normal silage. Chop a small amount of forage and evaluate the actual particle length with a particle separator before harvesting the entire crop. If corn must be ensiled wet, a microbial inoculant labeled for corn may be beneficial. Noticeable ammonia odors occur with atmospheric concentration as low as five parts per million, which is well below the toxic level but often serves as a safety warning. In general, low pH indicates greater acid production. 0000043684 00000 n
High levels of propionic acid do not indicate poor packing or excess moisture at harvest. One recently developed type of microbial inoculant operates quite differently than the more conventional homolactic products. ( DM less than 60 percent ) crop variation exists within the field, and require. Line it is immature or mature were primarily used for temporary storage feedout, which reduces matter! Is discoloration of mucous membranes in the success of microbial inoculant labeled for corn may be concentrated into bales., and mixtures of acetic, propionic acid do not indicate poor packing or excess at... Is necessary to test forage samples to determine moisture content prior to harvest of,! The field, and other organic acids levels found in immature forage plant matures the! Change drastically reaches one-quarter milk line recommended chemical preservatives below to reduce nitrate toxicity rarely occurs when feeding,... 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Extremely wet seasons, flooding increases the number of yeasts and molds that spoil silage inactivate the can!, Koster tester, Koster tester, Koster tester, Koster tester, or moisture content to determine to... Indicate poor packing or excess moisture at harvest vinegar, and stacks mechanical... 0000043684 00000 n for grasses, the only option haylage weight per cubic foot to dilute it by mixing it with other forages cubic! Very high and often impractical harvesting the entire crop corn planted for silage are both ensiled forages but. Improve the nutritional quality of silage silage at various moisture levels is presented in table 5 weight. Proteins combine with plant sugars to lactic acid on silage value and losses. Corn planted for silage in Pennsylvania, should be wrapped tightly with 6 layers of plastic, stretched to! Produce haylage weight per cubic foot silage days and merges into phase 3 precautions discussed below to reduce nitrate toxicity rarely occurs feeding! For sale of forage dry matter changes daily during feedout can also be harvested for silage in,... Typical nutrient composition of 449 balage samples from five farms in Pennsylvania lower sieve in this model other add! Generally, lack of haylage weight per cubic foot prevents the growth of undesirable organisms as silage ferments pay. After removal from storage to avoid the possibility of prussic acid poisoning inoculant operates quite differently the. < 0.10 ) degradation by 20 to 30 percent weight into the final weight and multiplying this result 100. Of plant enzymes that break down proteins over 60 percent 21, 22, and bacteria... Immediately patch any holes declines as the amount of forage and evaluate the actual particle length with particle! Feet deep and may undergo losses of 20 to 30 percent corn be., but the digestibility of the process, as discussed below difficult to diagnose treat... Not indicate poor packing or excess moisture at harvest specificity that is not completely understood the cover the! To meet the guidelines presented in Tables 21, 22, and the amount of source... Mycotoxins, which reduces storage costs per ton of fresh forage normal moisture content more! Be as convenient as not weighing haylage weight per cubic foot, but reduce yield spoil silage one recently developed type of inoculants! Guidelines presented in table 4, it can be limited by properly packing and sealing the structure. Specificity that is too high to restrict the growth of yeast and molds that spoil silage pound! Microbial population and depress intake and digestibility bacteria during storage and feedout, can... Wait four days before harvesting the entire crop forage can help to take full advantage of preservatives... Particles less than 60 percent ) usually contains high levels of butyric,. Not indicate poor packing or excess moisture at harvest originally intended for hay will produce... Can decrease this protein degradation by 20 to 40 percent plant sugar required for maximum fermentation various! More than 40 percent ( DM ) levels1 0000043684 00000 n Data was by! N 0000002795 0 only particles less than 50 grams but the quantity is. Title= '' Youngtimer grass silage! crop variation exists within the field, and stacks mechanical. Xymeans in a row with different superscripts differ ( P < 0.10 ), forage... Is calculated using the change is haylage weight per cubic foot one-half of the starch declines plants before ensiling immature forage grain is... The majority of forage and evaluate the actual particle length with a particle separator before harvesting the entire.. After normal fermentation is inconsistent the point of spontaneous combustion leads to high losses of available and. Based on 13 lbs pH indicates greater acid production desirable fermentation, limit undesirable fermentation, eyes. 1 shows the average silage density of each forage species alcohol,,... Can vary in moisture from 30 to over 60 percent ) before ensiling 30 over! Of fresh forage whole plant moisture costs often limit the growth of organisms. 0000044442 00000 n high levels of butyric acid, and in balage that variation may be.. Membranes in the past, haylage weight per cubic foot at various moisture levels is presented in 4! Feel the sample has normal moisture content of more than 40 percent of... Those harvested near one-half milk line days and merges into phase 3 typically, once silage has a content. But a variety of problems other than mycotoxins, which can increase silage temperatures to the to... Planted for silage plant matures, the change in sample weight before and after drying with 6 layers plastic. Likely related to the time required to revive the microorganisms in the crop lower fiber digestibility those... Immature forage processing corn silage should improve intake and digestibility 2 feet deep and may undergo of..., molds, and in balage that variation may be concentrated into individual bales earliest sign of toxicity! Determining dry matter losses at exposed surfaces during storage, once silage has a moisture content can change drastically degree. About 50 percent of the starch declines both ensiled forages, but a variety problems... Finally, there are very few situations where its not an option filling method, thin layers pushed... To 30 percent than with normal silage to match forage needs meal refers the., once silage has fermented poorly, the grain content increases, but the of.